This has an Operating System of  MAEMO and it has an ARM Cortex-A8 Browser

You can get experience of high speed internet in a full screen and it has an OpenGL ES for a 2.0 graphics

Display

• 3.5 inch touch-sensitive widescreen display
• 800 × 480 pixel resolution

Web browsing

• Maemo browser powered by Mozilla technology
• Adobe Flash™ 9.4 support
• Full screen browsing

Camera

• 5 megapixel camera (2584 × 1938 pixels)
• Image formats: JPEG
• CMOS sensor, Carl Zeiss optics, Tessar lens
• 3 × digital zoom
• Autofocus with assist light and two-stage capture key
• Dual LED flash
• Full-screen viewfinder
• Photo editor on device
• TV out (PAL/NTSC) with Nokia Video Connectivity Cable (CA-75U, included in box) or WLAN/UPnP
• Landscape (horizontal) orientation
• Capture modes: Automatic, portrait, video, macro, landscape, action

Video

• Wide aspect ratio 16:9 (WVGA)
• Video recording file format: .mp4; codec: MPEG-4
• Video recording at up to 848 × 480 pixels (WVGA) and up to 25fps
• Video playback file formats: .mp4, .avi, .wmv, .3gp; codecs: H.264, MPEG-4, Xvid, WMV, H.263

Music and audio playback

• Maemo media player
• Music playback file formats: .wav, .mp3, .AAC, .eAAC, .wma, .m4a
• Built-in FM transmitter
• Ring tones: .wav, .mp3, .AAC, .eAAC, .wma, .m4a
• FR, EFR, WCDMA, and GSM AMR

Integrated A-GPS

• Assisted-GPS receiver
• Ovi Maps pre-installed

Processing power

• ARM Cortex – A8 superscalar microprocessor core running at 600 MHz
• Up to 1 GB of application memory (256 MB RAM, 768 MB virtual memory)
• Linux-based operating system
• 3D graphics accelerator with OpenGL ES 2.0 support

storage

• 32 GB internal storage
• Expandable to up to 48 GB with an external microSD card

Broadband

• 3.5G and WLAN connectivity
• Quadband GSM with GPRS and EDGE
• Data transfers over a cellular network 10/2Mbps
• Data transfers over Wi-Fi 54Mbps
• Flash 9.4 support
• Full-screen browsing

Buy a NOKIA-N900 from a market and fell the experience of it…

import java.io.*;

import java.util.zip.*;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

public class ZipView extends HttpServlet

{

/**

* Display the contents of a zip file

*/

private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException

{

try

{

String zipFile = request.getParameter(“fileNames”);//specify the zip file

response.setContentType(“text/html”);

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println(“<table><tr><th>File Name</th><th>Size</th><th>Date </th><th>Compressed Size</th></tr>”);

if(zipFile != null && zipFile.trim().length()>0){

//BufferedOutputStream out = null;

ZipInputStream  in = new ZipInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(zipFile)));

ZipEntry entry;

while((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null)

{                    out.println(“<tr><td>”+ entry.getName()+”</td><td>”+ entry.getSize()+”</td><td>”+ entry.getTime() +” </td><td>”+ entry.getCompressedSize() +” </td></tr>”);

int count;

byte data[] = new byte[1000];

out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(“C:/pdf/out.txt”),1000);

while ((count = in.read(data,0,1000)) != -1)

{

out.write(data,0,count);

}

out.flush();

out.close();

*/

}

}

out.println(“</table>”);

out.flush();

out.close();

}

catch(Exception e)

{

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)    throws ServletException, IOException {

doPost(request, response);

}

}

Barriers to Homeownership in Indian Country.

Much of the land in Indian country is held in trust by the U.S. government for the benefit of a particular tribe or individual Native Americans. Land held in trust for a tribe cannot be mortgaged, and land held in trust for an individual must receive federal approval before a lien is placed on the property. As a result, tribes, IHAs/TDHEs, and individual Native American families have historically had limited access to private mortgage capital.

At the same time, demand for homeownership opportunities has steadily grown. Many families in Indian country have worked hard to achieve success, and now want to own a home of their own. Other Native Americans currently live away from traditional Indian lands and seek to return home to raise their families.

The Section 184 Loan Guarantee Program

In 1992 Congress created a federal program specifically designed to address the lack of mortgage capital in Indian country. Under the provisions of Section 184 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 and as amended under the provisions of the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was authorized to guarantee loans made by private lenders to Native Americans, IHAs/TDHEs and Tribes.

The Loan Guarantee Program is intended to increase the availability of mortgage lending in Indian country and is restricted to Native Americans, IHAs/TDHEs and Tribes selecting home sites within an Indian area.

Land Ownership In Indian Country

Understanding the various forms of Indian land ownership is important for lenders and program participants because program requirements and processing procedures vary depending upon the way land is held. Differences in requirements and processing instructions, based upon the types of land ownership, are specified throughout this guide.

Defining an Indian Area.

An Indian area is the geographic area within which an Indian housing authority or tribe is authorized to provide housing through its power as a governmental entity. This may include land held in trust by the federal government for tribes or individual Native Americans as well as fee simple land within the operating area of the IHA/TDHE or tribe.

Land Held in Trust for Tribes

Tribal trust lands are held in trust for the tribe by the federal government. The Department of the Interior, through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), administers the federal government’s trust responsibilities.

Tribal trust land cannot be alienated (taken out of trust) or encumbered without BIA approval.

Tribes may lease or otherwise assign portions of the tribal trust land for the use of specific individuals or purposes, but ownership, through the federal trust, remains with the tribe.

Generally, tribal courts, together with BIA, have jurisdiction over key real estate transactions (lien recording, eviction and foreclosure procedures) on tribal trust lands.

Land Held in Trust for Individual(s)

Allotted trust land is held in trust by the federal government for individual Native Americans.

Tribes generally have no property interest in allotted trust lands. However, like tribal trust land, allotted trust lands cannot be alienated or encumbered without BIA approval.

Real estate transactions (lien recording, eviction, and foreclosure) are sometimes governed by tribal law but in other areas may be under the jurisdiction of state/local government laws.

Unrestricted (Fee) Land Within Indian Areas

The term “fee title” or “fee simple title” generally denotes land in which the owner has an interest that entitles the owner to dispose of the entire property or various interests in the property without hindrance.

Loans on fee land located in an Indian area are eligible for a Section 184 loan guarantee.

Real estate transactions (lien recording, eviction, and foreclosure) are generally under the jurisdiction of state/local government laws. However, in some areas, fee land within the Indian area may be under the jurisdiction of tribal courts.

Determining the Status of Proposed Home Sites

As a part of the initial application, the land status (tribal trust land, allotted or fee simple) of the proposed home site must be identified by the tribe. Lenders should send the Land Status and Jurisdiction.

Roles And Processing Steps

The roles of principal participants are summarized below.

Borrower Responsibilities

Individual, IHA/TDHE and Indian tribe borrowers are responsible for making an application for financing to an approved Section 184 lender; providing the information needed to enable the lender to determine the borrower’s qualification for mortgage financing; and abiding by the terms of the loan agreement, once the loan is approved.

Responsibilities of the Tribe

Each tribe must enact policies and procedures for processing foreclosure and eviction actions or identify a State/County court that will enforce these procedures.

Tribes may also participate as a coordinator of the program by: assisting borrowers with loan applications; making available, through lease, trust lands for home sites; providing financial assistance to borrowers; and homebuyer education.

Lender Responsibilities:

Lenders accept and process borrower applications for financing, and, if the borrower qualifies, submit the loan application packages to HUD to request a firm commitment under the Section 184 Program. Lenders may contact the Program ONAP to determine eligibility, land status and other essential information.

Once HUD has approved the firm commitment, and a closing has taken place, the lender makes the loan to the borrower. The loan may be held in their portfolio or sold.

If a lender elects to participate as a Direct Guarantee lender, some procedures must be followed.

In the event of default, the lender has the option of either foreclosing or requesting assignment to HUD.

HUD Responsibilities

The responsibility for review of tribal eligibility and land status issues lies with HUD’s Program Office of Native American Programs (ONAP). Responsibility for case number assignment, loan processing, underwriting, issuance of the firm commitment, and guarantee certificate also lies with HUD’s Program ONAP. HUD will:

• Issue a Section 184 case number to reserve Loan Guarantee Funds (if available) and issues the loan guarantee certificate after closing.
• Review all underwriting recommendations submitted by lenders.
• Approve or disapprove firm commitments based on lenders’ submissions.
• For assigned loans, HUD determines the claim payment amount to be paid to the lender and may foreclose on the loan.
• In the case of a foreclosure, HUD will sell the property to another eligible buyer.
• For lender conveyed properties after completion of the foreclosure, HUD determines the claim amount paid to the lender and resells the property.

Role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

For trust lands, BIA issues Title Status Reports (TSR) and reviews, approves, and records lease contracts, deeds of trust, leasehold mortgages and/or real estate mortgages.

Indian Health Service Responsibilities

The Indian Health Service is available to evaluate the adequacy of water and sewer systems for Native Americans and may also provide for the cost and/or installation of water and sewer systems on an individual or community-wide basis.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Loans:

FHA mortgage programs are available to all buyers. These programs are designed to help creditworthy low-income and moderate-income families who do not meet requirements for conventional loans. FHA loan programs are particularly beneficial to those buyers with less available cash.

FHA loan benefits:

• Only requires a 3% down payment
• Ability to finance closing costs
• FHA has set limits on the amount lenders can charge for some closing cost fees (e.g. origination no more than 1% of mortgage).
• Maximum mortgage amount can vary significantly by area. FHA adjusts this amount periodically based on certain economic variables. You should check with your local FHA office or approved lender to determine your maximum mortgage amount.
• Under certain conditions, automatic cancellation of the FHA mortgage insurance premium

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Loans:

VA loan programs are available to eligible veterans for the purchase of a home. The VA guaranty loans encourage lenders to offer loans to veterans by protecting lenders against loss if the borrower cannot make the payments. VA loans are particularly beneficial to those veterans that do not have much cash available. VA guidelines allow higher front-end and debt ratios compared to other loan programs.

VA loan benefits:

• No down payment requirement
• More favorable interest rates are frequently offered by lenders because of the VA’s guaranty.
• Ability to finance funding fee
• No mortgage insurance premiums
• Maximum loan amount may be 100% of appraised value of home, determined by a VA-approved appraiser or up to four times the VA eligibility entitlement.

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.FileOutputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;

import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**

* This servlet class is used to download the list files as a zip

*/

public class ZipDownload extends HttpServlet{

private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)    throws ServletException, IOException {

doPost(request, response);

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException {

byte[] files = null;

try {

String random = this.generateRamdomCode(10, 15);

//Specify the files names seperated by ‘@!’

String reqFile = request.getParameter(“fileNames”);

if(reqFile != null && reqFile.trim().length()>0){

String filenames[] = reqFile.split(“@!”);

ZipOutputStream zipFile = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(random + “.zip”));

for (String filename : filenames) {

try{

filename = filename.trim();

if(filename.length()>0){

FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(filename);

File file = new File(filename);

zipFile.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(filename.substring(filename

.lastIndexOf(“/”) + 1, filename.length())));

files = new byte[(int) file.length()];

fin.read(files);

zipFile.write(files);

fin.close();

zipFile.closeEntry();

}

}

catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

zipFile.close();

FileInputStream zip = new FileInputStream(random + “.zip”);

File f = new File(random + “.zip”);

files = new byte[(int) f.length()];

zip.read(files);

zip.close();

f.delete();

//response

response.setContentType(“application/zip”);

response.setContentLength(files.length);

response.setHeader(“Content-Disposition”,

“attachment; filename=\”filename.zip\”");

try {

response.getOutputStream().write(files);

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

finally {

}

}

private String generateRamdomCode(double min, double max){

String code = “”;

int totalChars = (int)((Math.random() * min)+max);

char startChar = ‘A’;

for(int i=0;i<totalChars;i++){

int selNum = (int)(Math.random() * 13.0);

if(selNum <= 4){

startChar = ‘A’;

code += (char)((Math.random()*26.0)+startChar);

}else if(selNum >=5 && selNum<= 9){

code += (int)(Math.random() * 10.0);

}else if(selNum >=10){

startChar = ‘a’;

code += (char)((Math.random()*26.0)+startChar);

}

}

System.out.println(code);

return code;

}

}

The purpose of a virtual community helps to understand what it wants to accomplish, who is the target audience, and how participating in the community would benefit the members. The purpose of the community also helps to define both its structure, and what resources (time, information, and expertise) will be needed to run the community. Communities that have clearly stated goals appear to attract people with similar goals; this creates a stable community in which there is less hostility. A successful community serves a clear purpose in the lives of its members and meets the fundamental goals of its owners. Though communities evolve, and the purpose will change along with the shifting social and economic landscape of the Web, articulating the purpose up front will help to focus thinking and create a coherent, compelling, and successful Web community.

Virtual Community deals with Online interaction spaces and communities have been successfully set up to meet purposes such as: Consider:

• “Gathering” places where people converse, meet, get to know each other. Examples range from small spaces for families to large spaces for a wider public.
• Discussing topics such as books, current events, news, global warming, technologies and chocolate details.
• Socializing – informal connection places.
• Gather better ideas to enhance the social community.
• Planning and organizing (community groups, scout groups, sports teams)
• Teambuilding – strengthening group relationships.
• Relationship building – finding interesting people and getting to know them.
• Work spaces for group meetings, interactions etc.
• Learning spaces (all online or in combination with face-to-face learning, group or individual)
• Information sharing – a place to share files and ideas.
• Game playing – just having fun!

Three fundamental needs of virtual community members in their on-line activities:

• functional needs
• social needs
• psychological needs

Functional needs:

Functional needs are met when community members go online to fulfill specific activities. It can be a transaction in which members buy and sell products or services. It also can support information gathering and seeking for both learning purposes and facilitating decision-making. It can be entertainment and fantasy or the convenience or value the virtual community provides to its members where information can be accessed without concerns about time and geographical limits.

Social needs:

Virtual communities are socially structured, convey social meaning, and meet social needs. These social needs may include relationship and interactivity among members since virtual communities give people with similar experiences the opportunity to come together, form meaningful personal relationships and communicate with each other in an interactive way; it may include trust between members and community owners and among community members which is the starting point in online communication; it may also include the fundamental function of any virtual community-communication.

Psychological needs:

Psychological needs make the community a part of their lives. It is because of this social psychology that communities have become such a powerful organizing force in the world of commerce. Specifically, these psychological needs contain identification (who are they), involvement (what connects them), unity/belonging (what are they part of), relatedness (what relationships matter to them in the world), creative forms their communications can take, and the ‘‘there’’ provided by virtual communities in which they can learn new roles, cope with changes, and escape their everyday lives. Some will emphasize one need more than the others. But few will be able to succeed if they address one need to the exclusion of the others, because the strength of virtual communities rests in their ability to address multiple needs simultaneously.

Virtual Community benefits are:

• Easy access to top-notch coaching training and development
• Connecting and networking with coaches worldwide
• It’s inexpensive for people with high access costs – messages can be composed and read offline
• Accumulate new appraisal from others vision.
• Reaches and satisfies the End users in the community
• Opportunities to learn from high-caliber speakers and leaders on a variety of topics and perspectives
• A place where your voice can be expressed, heard and respected
• A forum and space that you can help create and that will help you achieve your personal success
• Good for meetings where you want to come to a conclusion with everyone there

• Can have a real-time discussion

• Opportunities for personal growth and contribution and to be part of our talented leadership team

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**

* @author name

* This servlet class is used to display or download the file

*

*/

public class DownloadFile extends HttpServlet{

/**

*

*/

private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)    throws ServletException, IOException {

doPost(request, response);

}

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)throws ServletException, IOException {

ServletOutputStream outputStream = null;

InputStream input = null;

try {

outputStream = response.getOutputStream();

String filePath = request.getParameter(“fileNames”);  //filepath

if(filePath != null && filePath.trim().length()>0){

String download = request.getParameter(“download”);//download or display

File prefile = new File(filePath);

byte buff[] = new byte[8192];

input = new FileInputStream(prefile);

String contenttype = filePath.substring(filePath.lastIndexOf(“.”)+1, filePath.length());

contenttype = contenttype.toLowerCase();

if(download != null && download.trim().length()>0){

response.setContentType(“application/octet-stream”);

}

else{

if (contenttype != null) {

String responseType = getResponseContentType(contenttype);

response.setContentType(responseType);

} else {

response.setContentType(“application/octet-stream”);

}

}

response.setHeader(“Content-Length”, String.valueOf(prefile.length()));

if(download != null && download.trim().length()>0){

response.setHeader(“Content-Disposition”,”attachment; filename=\”"+ prefile.getName()+”\”");

}

else{

response.setHeader(“Content-disposition”, (new StringBuilder(“inline; filename=”)).append(prefile.getName()).toString());

}

response.addHeader(“Cache-Control”, “no-transform, max-age=0″);

int i = 0;

while ((i = input.read(buff)) > 0) {

outputStream.write(buff, 0, i);

outputStream.flush();

}

}

}

catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

finally {

if (input != null)

input.close();

if (outputStream != null)

outputStream.close();

}

}

private String getResponseContentType(String contenttype){

String responseType = “”;

if(contenttype.indexOf(“doc”)>-1){

responseType = “application/vnd.ms-word”;

}

if(contenttype.indexOf(“rtf”)>-1){

responseType = “application/rtf”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“xls”)>-1){

responseType = “application/vnd.ms-excel”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“ppt”)>-1){

responseType = “application/ppt”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“xml”)>-1){

responseType = “text/xml”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“html”)>-1){

responseType = “text/html”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“htm”)>-1){

responseType = “text/htm”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“txt”)>-1 || contenttype.indexOf(“log”)>-1){

responseType = “text/plain”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“pdf”)>-1){

responseType = “application/pdf”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“gif”)>-1){

responseType = “image/gif”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“png”)>-1){

responseType = “image/png”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“jpg”)>-1){

responseType = “image/jpg”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“jpeg”)>-1){

responseType = “image/JPEG”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“jpe”)>-1){

responseType = “image/JPEG”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“bmp”)>-1){

responseType = “image/bmp”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“jpeg”)>-1){

responseType = “image/JPEG”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“tiff”)>-1){

responseType = “image/tiff”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“tif”)>-1){

responseType = “image/tiff”;

}

else if(contenttype.indexOf(“html”)>-1){

responseType = “text/html”;

}

else{

responseType = “application/octet-stream”;

}

return responseType;

}

}

Configuration in web.xml

<servlet>

<servlet-name>ViewFile</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>com.org.servlet.DownloadFile</servlet-class>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>ViewFile</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>*.viewfile</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

<mime-mapping>

<extension>pptx</extension>

<mime-type>

application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation

</mime-type>

</mime-mapping>

<mime-mapping>

<extension>docx</extension>

<mime-type>application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document</mime-type>

</mime-mapping>

<mime-mapping>

<extension>xlsx</extension>

<mime-type>application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet</mime-type>

</mime-mapping>

JSP Code……

<form name=’form1′ method=”post” action=”file.viewfile” target=”fileframe”/>

<input type=’hidden’ name=’fileNames’ id=’fileNames’ value=’C:/path/resume.txt’/>

<input type=’hidden’ name=’download’ id=’download’ value=’true’/>//set as blank when u want to display

<input type=’Submit’ name=’Submit’ id=’Submit’ value=’Display’/>

</form>

<frame></frame>

A virtual community is a group whose members are connected by means of information technologies, typically the Internet. In other words, virtual community is a community of people sharing common interests, ideas, and feelings over the Internet (cyberspace) or other collaborative networks. “Virtual communities” can be described using key words such as ‘‘social’’, ‘‘relationship’’, ‘‘virtual’’, ‘‘place’’, ‘‘group of people’’, ‘‘common interests’’, and ‘‘communication’’. A group sharing common interests in cyberspace rather than in physical space. Virtual communities exist in discussion groups, chat rooms, listserv, listprocs, those that are embedded in Web sites, multi-user dungeons or domains (MUDs) and object-oriented (MOOs), and newsgroups. Similar terms include online community and mediated community.

• Online Chat
• Electronic mailing list
• Online forum
• MUD

Importance of Virtual Social Community:

The need for virtual community from both the vendors’ and members’ perspectives. They believe that virtual communities are not about aggregating information and other kinds of resources; rather, virtual communities are about aggregating people. People are drawn to virtual communities because they provide an engaging environment in which to connect with other people. The basis of this connection is essentially based on people’s desire to meet four basic needs: interests, relationship, fantasy, and transaction. As consumers most of us have passionate interests, may it be sports, entertainments, travel, or other professional interests. Virtual communities have created on-line services that enable members to share information on topics of common interest. Besides, the network environments also give people the opportunity to come together and explore new worlds of fantasy and entertainment where they can ‘‘try out’’ new persons and to engage in role-playing games where everything seems possible. Virtual communities can also meet the members’ needs to transact by meeting on-line through the trading of information between participants. Members with a strong interest in certain kinds of products and services are gathering to exchange information and experiences regarding purchasing.

The following framework to define the virtual community concept:

Virtual community as Place:

For the understanding of online community, people often make it analogous to physical community. In the latter, people group themselves into aggregated physical villages that they call communities urban, rural, or suburban; people also group themselves into symbolic subdivisions based on lifestyle, identity, or character that they call communities religious, professional, or philosophical. Analogously, a virtual community can be conceived as a place where people can develop and maintain social and economic relationships and explore new opportunities. We can perceive virtual communities as social organizations centered around certain commonalities such as fellowship (e.g., Jewish or Amish communities), profession (e.g., WELL) or interest (e.g., wine.com). They are places where discussions about commitment, identity, conflict resolution, tensions between the collectives and the individual, and negotiation of community boundaries are conducted.

Virtual community as Symbol:

‘‘Community as a complex of ideas and sentiments’’ where virtual community exists in the minds of participants. It exists because participants define it and give it meaning. Virtual community has its own cultural composition; it has its own collective sense, and its own virtual ideology and symbol. It should be noted that the symbolic dimension of virtual community is made possible by CMC. Social relations occurred and construct symbolic processes initiated and maintained by the community between and among individuals and groups.

Virtual community as Virtual:

Virtual communities are characterized by common value systems, norms, rules, and the sense of identity, commitment, and association that also characterize various physical communities. ‘‘Virtual’’ means something akin to ‘‘unreal’’ and so the entailments of calling online communities ‘‘virtual’’ include spreading and reinforcing a belief that what happens online is like a community, but isn’t really a community. This may explain why people in the online world tend to see online communities as virtual, but participants in the online communities see them as quite real. But if one agrees that communication is the core of any community, then a virtual community is real whether it exists within the same physical locality or half a world away.

OVERVIEW

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale. A nanometer is a very small measure of length-it is one billionth of a meter, a length so small that only three or four atoms lined up in a row would be a nanometer. So, nanotechnology involves designing and building materials and devices where the basic structure of the material or device is specified on the scale of one or a few nanometers. Ultimately, nanotechnology will mean materials and devices in which every atom is assigned a place, and having every atom in the right place will be essential for the functioning of the device.

The kinds of product that could be built will range from microscopic, very powerful computers to super strong materials ten times as strong as steel, but much lighter too, food to other biological tissues. All these products would be very inexpensive because the molecular machines that built them will basically take atoms from garbage or dirt, and energy from sunshine, and rearrange those atoms into useful products, just like trees and crops take dirt, water and sunshine and rearrange the atoms into wood and food.

Nanotechnology cannot be defined as a definite branch of science but different from the conventional ones that we have as of now. It is set to encompass all the technological aspects that we have today and is nothing but the extension of scientific applications to a microscopic scale and thereby reaching closer to perfection if not right there.

The mechanical applications of nanotechnology are immense as it is in any other technological field. It concentrates on certain applications of interest viz. Carbon Nanotubes, Nanomachines and other related fields.

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules with dimensions in the range of nanometers. They are constituted of carbon atoms only, and can essentially be thought of as a layer of graphite rolled-up into a cylinder. They have an impressive list of attributes. They can behave like metals or semiconductors, can conduct electrically better than copper, can transmit heat better than diamond, and they rank among the strongest materials known- not bad for structures that are just a few nanometers across. Several decades from now we may see integrated circuits with components and wires made from nanotubes and may be even buildings that can snap back into shape after an earthquake.

Nanomachines are extremely small machines which are built from individual atoms. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, futurist and visionary K.Eric Drexler popularized the potential of nanomachines. ‘Nanomachines’ include replicas of present day machines(nanogears,nanopumps etc;) as well as  new  machines that do not have analog in the present world, like the assembler. The assembler is a nanomachine designed to manipulate matter as the atomic level.

M.E.M.S OR Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, Nano tools, the Biotechnology, Nanotechnology interface, Nanomedicines and Quantum Computing are some of the fields falling close to the above discussed and this paper throws light into these aspects.

In 1991, a Japanese scientist Sumio Iijima used a high-resolution transmission electron microscope to study the soot created in an electrical discharge between two carbon electrodes at the NEC Fundamental Research Laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. He found that the soot contained structures that consisted of several concentric tubes of carbon, nested inside each like Russian dolls. These were termed as ‘Carbon Nanotubes’.

Later efficient ways of making large quantities of these multiwall nanotubes were developed. Subsequently, 1993, single-wall nanotubes were tens of nanometers across, the typical diameter of a single-wall nanotube was just one or two nanometers. The past decade has seen an explosion of research into both types of nanotube.

Today, nanotubes can be grown efficiently by the catalytic decomposition of a reaction gas that contains carbon, with iron often being used as the catalyst. This process has two main advantages. First, the nanotubes are obtained at much lower temperature, although this is at the cost of lower quality. Second, the catalyst can be grown on a substrate, which allows novel structures, such as ‘nanobrushes’, to be obtained. Currently nanotubes can be grown to lengths exceeding 100 microns, and in various shapes such as ‘nanosprings’.

A nanotube can be considered as a single sheet of graphite that has been rolled up into a tube. The electronic properties of the resulting nanotube depend on the direction in which the sheet was rolled up. Some nanotubes are metals with high electrical conductivity, while others are semiconductors with relatively large band gaps. Nanotubes also have remarkable mechanical properties that cam be exploited to strengthen materials or to act as ‘tips’ in scanning probe microscopes. And since they are composed entirely of carbon, nanotubes also have a low specific weight.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES

In a sheet of graphite each carbon atom is strongly bonded to three other atoms, which makes graphite very strong in certain directions. However, adjacent sheets are only weakly bound by vander waals forces, so layers of graphite can be easily pealed apart as happens when writing with a pencil. As we shall see, it is not easy to peel a carbon layer from a multiwall nanotube. Carbon fibre is already used to strengthen a wide range of materials, and the special properties of carbon nanotubes mean that they could be the ultimate high strength fibre.

Lieber and his co-workers went on to explore larger forces and deformations and compared carbon nanotubes with nanorods made from silicon carbide, another very strong material. What they found was surprising whereas the silicon-carbide nanorods eventually fractured the multiwall carbon nanotubes buckled, but did not break. This behaviour has since been confirmed in several experiments in which the nanotubes are either bent or compressed along their length.

Carbon nanotubes got a peculiar feature that they first bend over to surprisingly large angles, before they start ripple and buckle, and then finally develop kinds as well. The amazing thing about the carbon nanotubes is that these deformations are elastic- they all disappear completely when the load is removed.

To see how these properties might be useful, imagine owning a BMW car made from carbon nanotubes and being unlucky enough to crash into a wall. Due to high force of the impact, the nanotubes would bend and then buckle, squeezing your BMW into the shape of something like a Volkswagen Beetle. This would happen relatively long distance, which would provide an effective ‘crunch zone’. Moreover, after the crash all the buckles and kinks would unfold and your BMW would ‘reappear’ as if nothing had happened! To be completely safe, however, the nanotubes would have to be combined with energy-absorbing materials, otherwise the collision between the car and the wall would be completely elastic and you would rebound from the wall with the same speed as you hit it! Other, less futuristic applications might include light weight bullet proof vests and earthquake-resistant buildings, while nanotubes tips for scanning probe microscopes are already commercially available.

The high strength of carbon nanotubes makes them promising candidates in reinforcement applications but there are many outstanding problems that must be overcome. First, the properties of the individual tubes must be optimized. Second, the tubes must be efficiently bonded to the material they are reinforcing so that they actually carry the loads. Third, the load must be distributed within the nanotube itself to ensure that the outermost layer does not shear off.